Therefore, proper OLED structure parameter optimizations 97 and better cavity designs for mitigating colour shift 98 are still needed. Recently, As a result, the mixed white colour D65 may not appear as white.
This current-dependent colour shift can be minimized with the PWM. This problem can be solved by adding a black matrix to absorb the side emission to compromise the light extraction efficiency.
In this CC emissive display, additional attention should be paid to blue light leakage. The QDCF should be thick enough to effectively convert the blue light to red and green 44 , , and an additional absorptive CF 44 , 45 or DBR 46 is needed to clean up the unconverted blue light and to minimize ambient excitations. In comparison, green and red quantum dots exhibit stable spectral emission profiles even though the wavelength and intensity of blue pumping light fluctuate. Different from the patterned CC film in emissive displays, the white backlight and absorptive CF in LCDs may introduce colour crosstalk and impair colour purity.
Narrower band absorptive CFs could reduce crosstalk at the cost of a lower transmittance. In , Chen et al. It is a matter of choice to balance the colour gamut with the lifetime, colour shift, system efficiency, luminous efficacy and cost. In this rapidly evolving information society, displays are ubiquitous.
In this section, we take wearable electronics and vehicles as examples to illustrate new display trends, such as flexibility and transparency. Common requirements for wearable displays are low power, light weight and high resolution density. We have already analysed the power consumption and MPRT issues. Here, we discuss the remaining issues. For AR devices, high luminance is critically important for the following reasons: 1 the displayed image overlays with environmental scenes so that the ACR matters.
The AR devices need much smaller panels than VR displays due to their increased optical system complexity. Currently, projection displays dominate the AR market. Pursuing a slimmer profile, laser scanning is an option, except that the optical efficiency remains relatively low.
In recent years, some high luminance and high resolution density emissive microdisplays have been developed. Moreover, the small chip size opens a new door for transparent displays 19 , 29 , which would tremendously simplify the optical configuration. Smart wristbands have viewing conditions similar to smartphones. The unique technical challenge is flexibility. Second, the light source requires good off-axis performance.
As discussed in the HDR section, the colour shift can be suppressed by various approaches. The main off-angle challenge comes from the quarter-wave plate in the CP. On the other hand, the gamma shift on nonemissive LCDs has been well compensated 6 , 38 , 39 , 40 , and the integrated linear polarizer enhances the ACR. Typical vehicle displays for automobiles and spacecraft include central cluster panels and head-up display HUD units.
For these applications, reliability and sunlight readability are critically important for driver safety. A wide working temperature is an additional demand on vehicle displays. Inorganic LEDs have the widest temperature range. OLED displays function well in freezing cold environments and age fast if heated , LCDs respond slowly in cold weather, and the upper limit depends on the clearing temperature T c.
Another drawback of LCDs is thermal management due to their low optical efficiency. In central clusters, a conventional LCD is the mainstream. With the alliance of the mLED BLU, a higher contrast ratio, lower power consumption, less heat generation and freeform factors are promising features to be realized.
Preferences with respect to the power efficiency can refer to the similar-pitch notebook in Fig. The currently dominating HUDs in the market are LCD projection displays for the windshield or a postcard-size combiner An effective method is polarization modulation Conceptually, transparent displays 19 , 29 , 30 outperform projection displays with respect to the system complexity, optical efficiency, eyebox, field-of-view, etc.
Technically, high transparency can be realized by utilizing either high conductivity transparent electrodes in PM displays 29 or patterned transparent electrodes in AM displays We believe the commercialization of transparent displays is coming soon. All of these technologies support a fast MPRT, a high ppi, a high contrast ratio, a high bit depth, an excellent dark state, a wide colour gamut, a wide viewing angle, a wide operation temperature range and a flexible form factor.
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